Journal of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics

Description

Vitamin deficiency remain a pervasive issue, silently affecting millions globally. These essential micronutrients play a vital role in various bodily functions, from immune defense to cellular metabolism. Despite the wealth of information available, the rise of poor dietary habits, lifestyle changes and even certain medical conditions continues to contribute to the widespread deficiency of essential vitamins.

Growth and metabolism

Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth and metabolism. They are essential because the body cannot produce them on its own, meaning they must be obtained from external sources primarily through diet, but also through supplementation in some cases. Vitamins support a wide array of functions, including energy production, immune response, bone health, wound healing and the protection of cells from oxidative damage. For instance, vitamin D, often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin," plays an integral role in calcium absorption and bone health. Its deficiency has been linked to osteoporosis, rickets in children and increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Meanwhile, vitamin C supports the immune system, helps the body heal from injuries and acts as an antioxidant that protects cells from free radicals. Several vitamins are commonly deficient in the population due to factors such as poor diet, lack of sunlight and certain lifestyle or health conditions. Vitamin D deficiency is a growing concern worldwide, particularly in regions where sunlight exposure is limited. This vitamin is essential for calcium absorption, making it significant for bone health. It also plays a role in immune function and deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of infections, autoimmune diseases and even some cancers. People who live in northern latitudes, have darker skin or spend a lot of time indoors are particularly vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as malabsorption syndromes can exacerbate the deficiency. The symptoms of vitamin D deficiency may be subtle at first, but over time, it can lead to severe bone pain, muscle weakness and increased fracture risk. The growing awareness of vitamin D’s importance has led to widespread recommendations for supplementation, but still, many individuals are not receiving enough through diet and sunlight.

Vitamin deficiencies

Vitamin A deficiency is significant for vision, immune function and skin health. It is found in two forms: Preformed vitamin A (from animal products) and provitamin A carotenoids (found in plant-based foods like carrots and sweet potatoes). A deficiency in vitamin A can lead to night blindness, a weakened immune system and increased risk of infections. It is especially common in low-income countries where access to nutritious food is limited. Inadequate folate intake is primarily caused by poor dietary habits, such as a lack of leafy greens, legumes and fortified grains. Folate deficiency has also been linked to depression, cognitive decline and cardiovascular disease, making it an essential nutrient for overall health. While poor diet remains the primary contributor to vitamin deficiencies, modern lifestyle factors also play a significant role. The rise of processed foods, which are often devoid of essential vitamins and the increased consumption of fast food has led to widespread nutrient deficiencies. Busy schedules and sedentary lifestyles also mean that people spend less time outside, further exacerbating the problem of vitamin D deficiency. In addition, stress and sleep deprivation common elements of modern life can impair nutrient absorption and utilization in the body. Chronic stress has been shown to impact vitamin C levels, while poor sleep can affect the body’s ability to store and utilize vitamin D. Public health initiatives aimed at fortifying foods with essential vitamins, such as folic acid in grain products and vitamin D in milk, have shown success in reducing deficiency rates. Additionally, governments and healthcare organizations must continue to raise awareness about the importance of vitamins in health, particularly in regions where deficiencies are prevalent.