Journal of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics

Description

Food microbiology is the study of microorganisms that inhabit, produce, or contaminate food. This includes research on microorganisms that cause food spoilage. Pathogens that can cause illness (especially if the food is improperly cooked or stored); Microbes have been used to make fermented foods such as cheese, yogurt, bread, beer and wine and other useful microorganisms B production of probiotics. 

Food safety

 Food safety is an important focus of food microbiology. Many pathogens and pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, are easily transmitted through food. Microbial toxins are also potential food contaminants. However, microorganisms and their products can also be used to combat these pathogenic microorganisms. Probiotic bacteria comprising those producing bacitracin can kill and inhibit pathogens. Alternatively, purified bacitracin such as nidin can be added directly to the food. Finally, viruses that can kill bacterial horses using bacteriophage and infected bacteria can be used. [6] A thorough preparation of food containing the kitchen on the right is the most bacterial and virus. However, the toxin produced by impurities should not change in non-toxic forms by heating or cooking contaminated food for other safety conditions [1].

 Fermentation

 Fermentation is one of the ways to get food and change their quality. Yeast, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is used to inhale bread, beer brewing, and wine. Specific bacteria containing lactic acid bacteria are used to produce yogurt, cheese, hot sauce, cucumber, fermented sausages, and dishes like kimchee. The general effect of these fermentations is that it is not kind for other microorganisms, including pathogens and rotten microorganisms that extend food storage to food. Some cheese also requires the shape for tiring tires and requires developing their characteristic flavor.

 Food Contaminant

 Food Contamination refers to the presence of harmful chemicals and microorganisms in food that may cause consumer disease. This article is intended for chemical contamination of food, as opposed to microbiological pollution that can be found under food disease.
The effects of chemical impurities on consumers and happiness health are often only after long-term exposure in many years of processing and low levels (cancer). In contrast to food-mediated pathogens, chemical impurities in food are often not affected by heat treatment. Chemical contaminants can be classified according to the source of contamination and the mechanisms they enter the food.

 Food Hair

 Hair Presence has heavy stains in the presence of hairy hair in food. There is a risk of causing choking, vomiting and being contaminated with toxic substances. Opinions differ on the risks posed to careless consumers.  In most countries, people working in the food industry need to cover their hair because it pollutes food. It is common to complain to staff when serving foods containing hair in restaurants and cafes [2].
There are several reasons for rejecting hair in food, from cultural taboos to the simple fact that hair is difficult to digest and unpleasant to eat. It can also be interpreted as a sign of a wider range of hygiene problems. The introduction of the Complete Capture Hairnet is believed to have reduced the cases of this type of contamination.  Human hair protein may be used as a food ingredient in bread and other similar products. Islam prohibits the use of such human hair in foods. Historically, finding hair in food was a sign of Judaism's misfortune. Treated contamination treated contaminants are generated during the process of food (eg, heating, fermentation). They are lacking in raw materials and are formed by chemical reactions between natural and/or added food ingredients during processing. The presence of these impurities in processed foods cannot be completely avoided. However, the technical process can be adapted and/or optimized to reduce the formation of treatment contaminants. Examples are nitrosamine, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), heterocyclic amines, histamine, acrylamide, francs, benzene, transfermine, 3 Mcpd, semicarbazide, 4 hydroxynone and ethyl carbamate. There is also a possibility of metal chips from the contamination processing system [3]. These can be identified by metal detectors. In many promotions, if the line is stopped or the product is weighed on a test scale, small metals are detected, so you can reject the subjects for obesity and underweight.

New food impurities

 Many food pollutants are known for decades for decades, but the formation and existence of specific chemicals have been discovered relatively recently. These are so-called food pollutants such as acrylamide, furan, benzene, perchlorate, perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA), 3 monochrome propane 1,3DIOL (3 MCPD), 4 hydroxynone (4HNE), etc.
Micro plastics are commonly found in bottled water. Polypropylene baby bottles cause micro plastic contamination in babies.

 Safety and Regulation

 Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and acceptable levels of contaminants in individual foods based on no observed-ad observatory in animal experiments using safety factor (usually 100) will be decided. The maximum statutory levels of pollutants are often well below toxicologically acceptable levels. Such levels are often reasonably achievable by using good agricultural practices and manufacturing practices.
Regulators are pursuing a variety of possible measures to combat the dangers associated with food-borne viruses.
Food Contamination Testing To maintain high quality food and comply with health, safety, and environmental regulations, it is best to rely on independent third-party food contamination testing, such as: B. The laboratory or Certification Company leaves. For manufacturers, food pollution tests can minimize the risk of nonconformity of raw materials, translucent foods and final products. Food pollution surveys guarantee the safety and quality consumer safety of the purchased food, and can prevent food, chemical, microbiological or physical food risk. ADI construction of specific emerging food pollutants is currently active in research and regulatory debates [3].

Fermentation in Food Processing

 In food processing, fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganism’s yeasts or bacteria under anaerobic (oxygenfree) conditions. Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired. The science of fermentation is known as zymology or zymurgy.
The term, "fermentation" sometimes refers specifically to the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol, producing alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer, and cider. However, similar processes take place in the leavening of bread (CO2 produced by yeast activity), and in the preservation of sour foods with the production of lactic acid, such as in sauerkraut and yogurt [4].
Other widely consumed fermented foods include vinegar, olives, and cheese. More localised foods prepared by fermentation may also be based on beans, grain, vegetables, fruit, honey, dairy products, and fish [5].
Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into alcohol or preservative organic acids and carbon dioxide. All three products have found human uses. The production of alcohol is made use of when fruit juices are converted to wine, when grains are made into beer, and when foods rich in starch, such as potatoes, are fermented and then distilled to make spirits such as gin and vodka. The production of carbon dioxide is used to leaven bread. The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products [6].
Food fermentation serves five main purposes: to enrich the diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates; to preserve substantial amounts of food through lactic acid, alcohol, acetic acid, and alkaline fermentations; to enrich food substrates with protein, essential amino acids, and vitamins; to eliminate antinutrients; and to reduce cooking time and the associated use of fuel [7].

 Food Sampling

 Food sampling is a process used to check that a food is safe and that it does not contain harmful contaminants, or that it contains only permitted additives at acceptable levels, or that it contains the right levels of key ingredients and its label declarations are correct, or to know the levels of nutrients present [8].
A food sample is carried out by subjecting the product to physical analysis. Analysis may be undertaken by or on behalf of a manufacturer regarding their own product, or for official food law enforcement or control purposes, or for research or public information.
To undertake any analysis, unless the whole amount of food to be considered is very small so that the food can be used for testing in its entirety, it is usually necessary for a portion of it to be taken this process is known as food sampling.
In most cases with food to be analyzed there are two levels of sampling â?? the first being selection of a portion from the whole, which is then submitted to a laboratory for testing, and the second being the laboratory`s taking of the individual amounts necessary for individual tests that may be applied. It is the former that is `food sampling`: the latter is analytical laboratory `subsampling`, often relying upon initial homogenisation of the entire submitted sample [9].
Where it is intended that the results of any analysis to relate to the food as a whole it is crucially important that the sample is representative of that whole and the results of any analysis can only be meaningful if the sampling is undertaken effectively. This is true whether the `whole` is a manufacturer's entire production batch, or where it is a single item but too large to all be used for the test.
Factors relevant in considering the representativeness of a sample include the homogeneity of the food, the relative sizes of the sample to be taken and the whole, the potential degree of variation of the parameter(s) in question through the whole, and the significance and intended use of the analytical result [10].

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