Journal of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics

Description

The thyroid gland or thyroid gland is the endocrine gland of vertebrates. In humans, it is behind the neck and consists of two interconnected leaves. The lower two-thirds of the leaves are connected by a band of thin tissue called the thyroid isthmus. The thyroid gland is in front of the neck and below the Adam's apple. Microscopically, the functional unit of the thyroid gland is a spherical thyroid follicle lined with follicular cells (thyroid cells), which may be parafollicular cells that surround the lumen containing colloids. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones:  two thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) -and the peptide hormone calcitonin. Thyroid hormones affect metabolic rate and protein synthesis, as well as the growth and development of children. Calcitonin is involved in calcium homeostasis. The secretion of two thyroid hormones is regulated by Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. TSH is regulated by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus.

The thyroid gland occurs in 3-4 days during the week of pregnancy on the throat bed at the base of the tongue; then descends in front of the pharynx and eventually moves to the base of the neck in the next few weeks to do. During the move, the thyroid gland remains connected to the tongue by a thin tube, the thyroglossal tract. By the end of the 5th week, the thyroglossal tract degenerates and in the next 2 weeks the separated thyroid gland moves to its final position.

Hypothyroidism is a term used to describe the state of normal thyroid function in the body. Thyroid dysfunction includes hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis), thyroid enlargement (thyroid tumor), thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive release of thyroid hormone. The most common cause is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease. Hypothyroidism is characterized by inadequate secretion of thyroid hormone. The most common cause is iodine deficiency. In areas of iodine deficiency, hypothyroidism in iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability in children. In areas of iodine deficiency, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

The thyroid gland itself has been described and named since the Renaissance, but the existence of the thyroid gland and its various illnesses has been recognized and treated for centuries. Knowledge of the thyroid gland, its biochemistry and disorders developed in the late 19^th and 20^th centuries. Many modern treatments and tests were developed in the mid-20^th century, including improvements in surgical techniques (thyroidectomy) to remove the thyroid gland to treat goiter. Use of radioactive iodine and thiouracil to treat Graves' disease. Sampling aspiration to diagnose thyroid nodules.

Features

The thyroid is connected by narrow tissue tape called "ISTHMUS" with two fabrics, left and right. The weight of adults is 25 gms, each leaves are about 5 cm in length, 3 cm wide, 2 cm wide, 2 cm thick, stairs and width 1.25 cm high. The glands usually have more women than men and increase the size during pregnancy.

The thyroid is located near the front of the neck and lying in front of the larynx and trachea. Thyroid cartilage and cross-like cartilage are located directly above the glands under Adam apple. ISTHMUS extends from the top to the third to third rings with the top of the lobe extending on the thyroid cartilage and the top to the sixth tracheal ring. Infrafeoid muscles lying in front of the gland, the side of the side of the side. There are two calorie arteries behind the outer feathers of the thyroid. Tracheal, larynx, hypopharythesis and esophagus are behind the thyroid. In this region, pass through the recurrent laryngeal nerve and pass through the thyroid artery next to the ligament. Typically, four sub-thyroids are two side thyroid glands on both sides between two layers of thyroid capsules on the back of the thyroid flap.

The thyroid is covered by a thin fiber capsule having an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer is extruded into the gland to form a diaphragm showing thyroid tissue in micro leisure. The outer layer is continuous with the Pretoria fascia, and the gland adheres to the kitroid and thyroid cartilage over the film thickening, and informs the post suspension zone of the thyroid also known as the ligament of Berry. Thus, when it occurs during swallowing, a thyroid gland is generated and emitted in a state where the movement of this cartilage occurs.

Blood, lymph and nerve supply

Thyroids are arterial blood from the upper caretric gland, branches of the outer carotid artery, the branches of thyroid artery, and sometimes the analysis of the thyroid IMA arteries, and sometimes the secretory mutants of the thyroid IMA artery, and then The  thyroid artery splits onto the branches of the thyroid, which initiates the thyroid, the underlying carrier split into and off. Excellent thyroid arteries are combined behind the outer part of the thyroid. Venous blood is discharged on the upper and medium-thyroidal veins to drop the internal jugular vein and lower thyroid veins. The under-hemodimetric vein is in the pair of veins and drain in the left and right positive heating veins. Both arteries and veins form a pronexor with two layers of thyroid capsules.

Lymphodorenazi is often performed on temporary lymph nodes (directly above actual HMM) and PREAHEAL and PRATRACHEAR lymph nodes. Glands receive sympathetic nerve care from intermediate and recessive cervical ganglions on sympathetic stems. The stuffing box receives a secondary sympathetic nervous system from the upper layer and the outer layer and the repetitive larynx nerve. The inner layer is extruded into the gland to form a diaphragm showing thyroid tissue in micro leisure.The outer layer is continuous with the Pretoria fascia, and the gland is well-formed with the  thickening of the fascia and adheres to  the  thyroid and thyroid cartilage over the thyroid thickening and is also known as a billy band. This moves on and off with the movement of this cartilage when they are swallowed.