Journal of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics

The Contribution of Selected Urinary Solutes to the Determination of Urinary Osmolality in Guatemalan Preschool Children Consuming a Common Menu Offering

Background: Although water is the most abundant and most vital of all human nutrients, hydration is among the most ignored aspects of human nutrition. Many different solutes are eliminated by the kidneys in the urine flow, potentially contributing to the osmotic charge of this body fluid and acting as determinants of the urinary osmolality [Uosm].

Objectives: To measure urine osmolality concurrently with urea, uric acid, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and inorganic phosphorus in a 24 h sample and to determine the patterns of their mutual interactions towards assessing the primary determinants of Uosm.

Methods: Seventy-eight children from 2 to 7 years old, 40 girls and 38 boys, with median age of 57 mo underwent 24 h urine collections, with an aliquot separated for measuring urine osmolality by freezing-point-depression osmometry and solute concentrations by various analytical chemistry techniques. Spearman correlations and multiple regression models were run to assess interactions.

Results: Backward-elimination multiple-regression models found that the urinary concentrations of inorganic phosphorus, urea, sodium, potassium and magnesium explained 95.1% of the variance in Uosm among the seven analytes quantified; calcium and uric acid made negligible contribution.

Conclusion: The analyses allowed us to confirm the determinant roles of urea and the principal electrolytes, sodium and potassium, for urine osmolality and to appreciate coordination in the collateral collinear associations with other excreted solutes.

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Author(s):

María-José Soto-Méndez, Concepción María Aguilera, Laura Campaña, Susana Ibañez-Quiles, Noel W Solomons, Klaus Schümann4 and Angel Gil

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